Monday, September 30, 2019

Niccolo Machiavelli and his influences on modern day leaders Essay

Niccolo Machiavelli was a creator of political theories in the 1500’s. He served the Republic as a diplomatic negotiator and as a military supervisor. When Florence went back to a monarch system, the Medici family return to power and exiled Machiavelli for his past criticisms that he made towards the family. Machiavelli then wrote â€Å"The Prince† to complement the Medici family and as a way to regain their approval. A good leader is a person who after leaving his/her country leaves his/her people content, the economy stable and is able to maintain their integrity. Machiavelli’s views of war being the most import aspect that a leader must think of, it is okay for a leader to be untruthful and it is better to be feared over loved would not be successful in the 20th century. Machiavelli’s ideology of a good leader would not work in today’s standards since his ideas our too extreme for our times. If a leader only pays attention to war, he only supplies safety for his people and neglects the other aspects that are crucial for governing. Focusing on the idea of war, can cause tension that may provoke a war. This feeling that results affects countries immensely as it tends to leave countries in a state of devastation. Adolf Hitler is an example of a leader who caused a war. By putting Germany at war and losing the battle against the Allies, Hitler set his country back many years, causing them to rebuild their society and economy. To further show that war is not the most important factor of governing, is during George Bush Senior’s term as a president of the United States. Two major events occurred that affected the American people tremendously. First, the Gulf war; Bush was able to resolve this situation in a short period of time and the American people commended him for it. The second event was the American recession of the 1990s. This fall came late in Bush’s term as president. When Bush was up for re-election, he lost to Clinton. Although he had won the war, Bush was not re-elected because he had allowed the economy to fall. With these examples, it is evident that war is not the most vital aspect to governing. A good leader must use all means to resolving a dispute, before relying upon war. One Machiavelli idea that a leader should follow is, there are two methods to fighting, one by law and the other by force. A leader’s integrity shows to the people that their leader is not afraid to tell the truth. To have integrity means that one no matter what, one stays true to their word under any circumstances. Machiavelli’s thought of a leader being untruthful would not work today because if a leader was found lying, it would be printed on the presses the next day. With the media following so close to every word a politician says, it would be demeaning for a leader to have his people find out that he is a hypocrite. So Machiavelli’s idea of being strong, unchangeable and positive would be some ideal qualities of a good leader. Maintaining a strong and positive image of oneself is what enables one to be a good leader. To be feared over loved may have worked in the past but not in the present. In a democracy being loved is what enables one to maintain their status as a leader. If a leader is more feared then loved, it creates a greater desire from the people to defy or overthrow the government. A leader that was loved by a majority of his people was Bill Clinton. He was loved because he was able to maintain a stable economy, keep peace and gave many benefits to his people. By doing so he served another term as president. Clinton did not have to strike fear into his people in order for him remain in power. Machiavelli’s theology of being feared over loved may be true, but it is inhumane and immoral for a leader to use death as way to instil fear into his people in order to stop the people from being rebellious. If a country’s people revolt against their leader, it is a sign for the leader that his people no longer believe in his governing of their country. If one has the qualities of a good leader and leads his people well then one does not have to resort to fear as a way of governing. When Machiavelli wrote â€Å"The Prince† the political theories and qualities on which he insisted worked during his time. For relevance to the 20th century, it does not apply as many of his views are outdated. During the 1900s, we now focus more on economy and not on war. We only use war as a means of settling disputes, not to gain land or money like they did in the past. The use of lies as a way to control ones people is unfamiliar to our times. To use fear as a way of governing and to use the tactics that Machiavelli suggested to inflict fear would not function, as his suggestions infringe on  human rights, which are now so closely monitored. The majority of Machiavelli’s theories of the perfect prince would not be successful for a leader of today, for his ideas are too radical.

Sunday, September 29, 2019

Literature of the Great Depression: Let Us Now Praise Famous Men, the Graphes of Wrath and Tobacco Road

Literature of the Great Depression: A Survey The Great Depression, beginning in 1929 and continuing throughout the next decade, was a time of extreme economic decline, devastating people of nearly every social class, race, age, and geographic region. Millions of unemployed Americans everywhere suffered the burdens of poverty, homelessness, and crime.While vast numbers of citizens lined up in long bread lines, waiting for hours for the small amount of free food offered by government relief agencies; many others, outraged by their living conditions, took to the streets to protest, sometimes violently, demanding that the government take immediate action to alleviate their suffering. It is these images of such widespread trouble, distress, and social and political upheaval, that sparked the attention of literary writers everywhere. As literary writers assessed these new situations brought on by the Great Depression, one group in particular, the South, piqued the interests of many writers .Economic as well as environmental factors, such as drought and the Dust Bowl, adversely affected the South's economic dependence on agriculture; forcing many farmers into poverty, and driving thousands from their homes elsewhere in search of better opportunities. It is these immense economic adversities as well as vast human suffering experienced by the South that drew interest from many literary writers, making the South the subject of many famous and important works of literature, and thereby securing for the Southern regions an important historic niche in the history of the Great Depression in America.By examining the literary depictions of Southern life during the Great Depression, of works such as The Grapes of Wrath, Let Us Now Praise Famous Men, and Tobacco Road, we gain essential insights into the cultures, lifestyles, and sentiments of those Americans hardest hit by the Great Depression; farmers and sharecroppers in the American south. Among those works of literature depic ting the Great Depression is Let Us Now Praise Famous Men, written by James Agee with photography by Walker Evans.Written at the height of the Great Depression in 1936 as an assignment for Fortune magazine, and later published in 1941 as a novel, this lengthy four hundred page text is a work of non-fiction that sets out to document the often harsh conditions of white Southern sharecroppers in rural Alabama by spending time with and even lodging with three actual sharecropping families known in the novel as: the Gudgers, the Ricketts, and the Woods for a period of several weeks. In Let Us Now Praise Famous Men, passages of extraordinary description and poetic beauty describe the various settings in which the novel takes place.Agee describes in great detail the homes of the farmers, the work they do, how the people looked, what they ate, how they spoke, their possessions and the surrounding land in order to paint an accurate picture of the living conditions as well as the plight of th e sharecroppers. As Humphries points out, although Agee urges his reader not to view the novel as â€Å"high art† Agee's ability to convey beauty even in those things not typically viewed as beautiful makes the artistic value of Let Us Now Praise Famous Men quite clear.Equally as powerful as the elaborate visual images Agee so skillfully conjures within the reader and the poetic beauty of these images, is the appeal to sensation Agee conveys in his description. Agee in seeking to fully and accurately convey the experiences of Southern sharecroppers, utilizes sensation to attempt to make the reader feel what it is like to be a sharecropper, the physical pain caused by bending of the back, the sensations of cramping in the hand, and the feel of sweat dripping down the body all combine to allow the reader to feel what it is like to be a sharecropper (Quinn).It is through these depictions of sensations that Agee hoped to make the sharecroppers â€Å"so real to you who read of it , that it will stand and stay in you as the deepest and most iron anguish and guilt of your existence that you are what you are, and that she is what she is, and that you cannot for one moment exchange places with her† (Praise 321).In addition to the artful skill with which Agee so vividly depicts his novel, another notable aspect of Let Us Now Praise Famous Men is the unconventionality and experimentation through which Agee, with the help of his partner Evans, crafts the novel. The reader is confronted with this unconventionality upon opening the book, in which the presentation of the scores of photographs taken by Evans appear before any other words in the text, even before the table of contents and copyright information.Additionally, none of the pictures provide any sort of captions, a fact that could be best attributed to Evans' preference for presenting his images without the accompaniment of words (Jackson). In keeping with the lack of traditionalism of Let Us Now Praise Famous Men, Agee casts himself as a character in the novel in which, at parts, he interacts with and reacts to the other characters in the novel. The significance of this is that it provides the reader with insight into the author's thoughts and feelings about the events in the novel.However, this fact along with Agee's Southern ancestry has caused Let Us Now Praise Famous Men to be criticized as being too preoccupied with Agee's personal introspection than with creating a more meaningful depiction of the lives of his subjects (Humphries). Furthermore, in his literary criticism of Let Us Now Praise Famous Men, Coogle contrasts Agee's and Evans' work with that of Jacob Riis' work, How the Other Half Lives in order to demonstrate both Agee's and Evans' intentional preservation of human dignity as well as the rejection of more traditional worldviews, namely Victorianism (Coogle).Coogle's summation of Let Us Now Praise Famous Men is that, â€Å"with its concern for respecting human di gnity and its view of the world as complex and confusing, serves as a striking contrast to earlier notions. Agee and Evans reject any vision of the world as clearly understandable and ordered,† While Riis' Victorian sentiments simplify the human experience and presents his impoverished subjects as inferior, Agee and Evans actively avoid such degradation of their subjects and acknowledge the complexity of life.This new approach to journalism and depicting of social issues coupled with the intentional preservation of human dignity further demonstrates the unconventionality of Let Us Now Praise Famous Men and reflects the surge of new and innovative ideas that the Great Depression spurred. No better example of the Great Depression's call for innovative and experimental ideas is one that has been frequently cited by scholars, and that is the parallel between the innovative economic policies of Roosevelt's New Deal with that of the unconventional approach to the making of Let Us No w Praise Famous Men.Austgen makes the assertion that, â€Å"As Roosevelt recognized that traditional plans for economic recovery could not end the Depression, so Agee and Evans knew that traditional methods of photography and journalism would not work to convey accurately the hard and simple lives of the tenant farmers. † Furthermore, as Evans and Agee seek to preserve the dignity of its subject, so too does Roosevelt's economics (Austgen).In conclusion, while Agee's poetic, and often excruciatingly descriptive journalistic reportage coupled with Evans' contribution of a slew of candid photographs work together to create an accurate depiction of the impoverished Southern farmer's experience during the Great Depression on the surface, it is the the radical experimentation of Let Us Now Praise Famous Men, as well as Agee's and Evans' attention to human dignity, that illuminates the new and innovative ideas that times of social upheaval and economic hardship such as the Great De pression call for.Like Let Us Now Praise Famous Men, another work of literature depicting farm life during the Great Depression is John Steinbeck's American classic The Grapes of Wrath. Published in 1939, The Grapes of Wrath tells the story of the fictional Joad family, who after losing their Oklahoma farm due to economic hardship and the Dust Bowl, embark on a trek westward to California, hoping to find work and economic stability, but only find continued hardship and despair.After losing two family members to death, characters Granma and Granpa Joad, and two more family members, Noah the oldest Joad son and Connie the pregnant Rose of Sharon's husband, decide to leave the family; the rest of the family, however discouraged, continue on their journey to California. After their arrival in California, the Joads endure exploitation by the powerful upper-class employers, horrible living conditions, as well as police brutality.In response to the migrant laborers lack of power and rights , as well as their absurdly low wages, the laborers, including the preacher Jim Casey, unionize in order to fight back against the exploitation of their corrupt employers. Through his depiction of the unionization of exploited workers, Steinbeck advocates for worker's unions and the need for collective action among the masses. Furthermore, by emphasizing the exploitation of the lower classes, as well as the human suffering caused by the powerful and corrupt upper-class employers, Steinbeck's firm stance against the power of big-business is lucid (Hendrick).Steinbeck's further asserts his political ideas by depicting the Joads as having an extended concept of family. Throughout the novel, various instances arise in which the concept of family extends beyond the traditional conjugal unit, â€Å"to include members related by plight as well as by blood† (Hinton). This is first evidenced in the opening chapters of the novel, as the Joads prepare to embark on their journey westward , they allow the preacher Jim Casey to join them on their journey to California, accepting them as one of their own.Ma Joad's attempt to help starving children in the migrant camp, even as her own children do not have enough to eat further depicts the Joads extended concept of family as well as the altruism displayed by the Joad family. It is this extension of the traditional familial structure that conveys Steinbeck's Socialist viewpoints and his emphasis on the altruism and goodness of the Joads that seem to convey the message that during times of immense suffering and social upheaval people must come together to help one another.Perhaps however, the most notable depiction of the altruism and goodwill of the Joad family occurs at the end of the novel by none other than Rose of Sharon, the Joad family's eldest daughter, a character up until this point plays a relatively secondary role in the novel. After the Joad family suffers yet another tragedy, when Rose of Sharon gives birth t o a stillborn baby, the family, devastated by their loss come across a dying elderly stranger.In an act of extreme kindness, Rose of Sharon offers her breast milk to the man in order to save his life. Moreover, Steinbeck emphasis the humanity and compassion of the Joads in order to provide a stark contrast to the cold and unfeeling upper-class employers that exploit the migrant workers in order to both invoke sympathy in the reader for the plight of the workers as well as to further argue against big-business (Hinton). Finally, The Grapes of Wrath, as a renowned work of literature, fosters a prevalent image of the Southern farmer.For those with even the vaguest knowledge of this important historical era, the Great Depression conjures up images of impoverished farmers, driven from their homes, stoic-faced and desperate, in search of better opportunities and a future for themselves and their families. Although The Grapes of Wrath provides a fictional account of one sharecropping famil y, and while it can be argued that Steinbeck creates a rather dramatized depiction of the sharecroppers, the story Steinbeck tells was one that was true for many.The Great Depression did indeed drive thousands of sharecroppers from their lands, many of which may have been subjected to some of the same horrors the Joads endured. In conclusion, The Grapes of Wrath is valuable for its image of Southern farmers that has become the poster image for the Great Depression, and still remains as such even today. In stark contrast to both Agee's Let Us Now Praise Famous Men and Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath, is Elskine Caldwell's Tobacco Road.While both Let Us Now Praise Famous Men and The Grapes of Wrath work actively to maintain the dignity of its subjects, Tobacco Road instead provides a much more negative image of the novel's characters. Caldwell's fictional Lester family like the focus of both Let Us Now Praise Famous Men and The Grapes of Wrath are a family of Southern farmers enduring the intense suffering wrought by hunger and extreme poverty in the midst of the Great Depression.Whereas Agee presents a dignified image of his subjects, and Steinbeck emphasis the altruism and goodness of the Joad family despite their conditions, Caldwell seems to reduce his characters to less than human. Driven by base instincts the Lester family seem to epitomize vulgarity, violence, obscenity and general indecency. It is in this way that Caldwell depicts the darker side of poverty. In conclusion, by examining the authors intent of renowned works of literature depicting life during the Great Depression we gain essential insights into the social realities of Southern sharecroppers during the Great Depression.Works Cited Agee, James, and Walker Evans. Let Us Now Praise Famous Men. 1941. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 1988. Austgen, Susan A. â€Å"Let Us Now Praise Famous Men: Agee and Evans' Great Experiment. † Agee and Evans' Great Experiment. Web. 04 May 2012. . Coogle, Matt. â€Å"The Historical Significance of Let Us Now Praise Famous Men. † The Historical Significance of Let Us Now Praise Famous Men. Web. 05 May 2012. . Hendrick, Veronica C. â€Å"John Steinbeck: The Grapes of Wrath (1939). † Pop Culture Universe: Icons, Idols, Ideas. ABC-CLIO, 2012.Web. 8 May 2012. Hinton, Rebecca. â€Å"Steinbeck's ‘The Grapes of Wrath. ‘ (John Steinbeck's book). † The Explicator 56. 2 (1998): 101+. Literature Resource Center. Web. 8 May 2012. Humphries, David T. â€Å"Returning South: Reading Culture in James Agee's Let Us Now Praise Famous Men and Zora Neale Hurston's Mules and Men. † The Southern Literary Journal 41. 2 (2009): 69+. Literature Resource Center. Web. 10 April 2012. Jackson, Bruce. â€Å"The Deceptive Anarchy of Let Us Now Praise Famous Men. † The Antioch Review 1999: 38-49.ProQuest Research Library. Web. 5 May 2012 . Quinn, Jeanne Follansbee. â€Å"The Work Of Art: Irony And Identification In Let Us No w Praise Famous Men. † Novel: A Forum On Fiction 34. 3 (2001): 338. Academic Search Premier. Web. 8 May 2012. Rothstein Arthur. Fleeing A Dust Storm. Cimarron City, Oklahoma. 1936. Web. 10 May 2012. Silver, Andrew. â€Å"Laughing over lost causes: Erskine Caldwell's quarrel with Southern humor. † The Mississippi Quarterly 50. 1 (1996): 51+. Literature Resource Center. Web. 5 May 2012.

Saturday, September 28, 2019

Duties of Directors Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Duties of Directors - Essay Example Again, any person in accordance with whose directions or instructions, the board of directors of a company is accustomed to act is deemed to be a director of the company. Speaking about the importance of directors, Neville J. observed in Bath v. Standard Land Co. (1910) that the board of directors are the brain of a company, which is the body and the company can and does act only through them. It is only when the brain functions that the company is said to function. Directors occupy a key position in the management and administration of a company. Their duties are usually regulated by the articles of the company. The duties of a director may be classified under the following heads It is the duty of a director to sign a prospectus and deliver it to the registrar before it is issued to the public. At the time of public issue the directors of the company must sign the prospectus and a copy of it must be submitted to the registrar of companies, before it is issued to the public. It is the duty of the director to see that all the moneys received from applications for shares are kept in a scheduled bank. According to the companies act it is the duty of the director to ensure that all the amounts received from the public in the form of application money are kept in a separate bank account opened with a scheduled bank. It is the duty of the director to ensure... 3. Not to allot shares before receiving minimum subscription It is the duty of the director to ensure that no shares are allotted before receiving minimum subscription. The directors have to ensure that before allotting the shares atleast 90% of the issue has been subscribed by the public. 4. Preparation of statutory report The directors must ensure that the statutory report is prepared and forwarded to all its members atleast 21 days before the date of the statutory meeting. The directors should also ensure that all the information provided in the statutory report are true and not misleading. 5. Holding a statutory meeting It is the duty of the director to hold the board meeting atleast once in three months. According to the companies act every company is required to hold a statutory meeting atleast once in every three months and it is the duty of the director to ensure that this provision is complied with. 6. To disclose his interest in a contract If a director is interested in a contract, it is the duty of the director to disclose the nature of his interest. It is the duty of the director to disclose any interest he has in any contract to be entered into by the company. 7. To call for annual general meeting It is the duty of the director to call for annual general meeting every year. The directors have to ensure that the annual general meetings are held according to the provisions of the companies act. 8. To file statutory returns It is the duty of the director to file all the statutory returns with the prescribed authority. 9. To file declaration of solvency

Friday, September 27, 2019

Crisis Communications Paper on MS13 Gang Violence Essay

Crisis Communications Paper on MS13 Gang Violence - Essay Example This radical change in this field caused the mankind inviting many problems as well as solutions to deal with them. Appropriate communication during the time of crisis plays a pivotal role to manage the situation effectively. As at the time of crisis the emotions are at their highest level because of stress which often makes people behave in an erratic way. Confusion creeps in their mind to manage the crisis and at that time effective communication skills comes to their rescue. Crisis situations may vary in their nature such as a disastrous situation due to a natural calamity or a terrorist attack or even violence caused by the street gangs and many others. All these situations demands prompt actions which in turn can lead to wrong moves. "Adequate coping skills along with other balancing factors, such as realistic perception of the event and social support can help minimize overreaction"(Radziewicz, http://www.conversationsincare.com/web_book/chapter03.html). In recent days youth ga ngs are mushrooming at many places causing havoc in the society with their violent deeds. One such deadly and violent youth gang of United States and of Central America is MS-13 which poses a threat to the life and liberty of the people. Mara Salvatrucha abbreviated to MS-13 derives its origin to the Civil War of El Salvador in 1980s which caused a million of Salvadorans to emigrate to USA and settle there as refugees. These immigrants in USA faced a bitter opposition from the Mexican gangs formed by other immigrants settled there earlier which prompted the Salvadorans to form their own gang for defending their existence. But soon the gang expanded and became the largest gang symbolizing violence and barbarism to their peak. "Composed of mostly Salvadorans and other central Americans-many of them undocumented -the gang has a uniquely international profile It's considered the fastest growing, most violent and least understood of the nation's street gangs" (http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/7244879/site/newsweek). Unlike other gangs the members of MS-13 are very flexible in their activities. They are into various fields of crimes specializing in extortions, drug and arm trafficking, homicides, cross border human trafficking, theft and so on. "Mara Salvatrucha members have tattoes on most of their upper body, including the arms and face, with lettering done in Gothic (Blackletter) style. The "MS" and "13" is always tattooed on them. (This has resulted in the arrest and detention of many people, first in Honduras then in El Salvador for illicit association based entirely on the fact that they are wearing tattoos associated with gang membership) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mara_Salvatrucha). The members of MS-13 are relatively fearless compared to other gangs and shows zero tolerance to the persons who became informant to the cops about their misdeeds. Even they act defiantly without being intimidated by the law enforcement officials easily. The members who abandons the gang is brutally killed by other active members. They impose rent on the people in the locality in which they live in lieu of guarranty of the security of the locals from the threats of other gangs. They are quite adept at using exlosives, firearms and grenades. Having been trained in guerilla warfare the MS-13 members frequently change their places

Thursday, September 26, 2019

US. foreign policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

US. foreign policy - Essay Example n expert, Gilles Dorronsoro states that the Afghan government is now operating independently and there is a good chance that it can withstand threats from the Taliban after the pullout of American troops. In spite of this optimistic position, it is doubtful that the US can destroy the military power of the Taliban in less than a year. Ex-Taliban leader, Abdul Salam Zaeef states that the Taliban machinery is strong in recruiting more militants and it will not be possible that the US can use military force to exterminate the power of the Taliban in the short run. Observers like Zaeef and NATO have urged the United States to negotiate with the Taliban. This option also comes with issues. It is widely feared that the Taliban might want a compromise that will cause problems for the Afghan government after a US pullout. This possibility is confirmed by Zaeef who goes further to opine that Afghanistan after a US withdrawal will fare better under a strong dictator who will wield enough power to disarm and punish the troublemakers amongst the Taliban. In any negotiation, the Taliban are likely to demand for more control and a more Islamized country. This is dangerous because it can potentially lead them to stir up further power struggles that might destabilize the country. This makes negotiation a less desirable option for the US. Obama however states that America might be prepared to negotiate with the Taliban if they break away from Al Qaeda, renounce violence and prepare to abide by the Afghan constitution. American officials state that some central authorities like the Taliban leadership of Quetta, Pakistan are prepared to abide by these conditions. However, it is doubtful that the radical and younger groups will accept such demands prior to negotiations. The US might need a strong compromise to protect its interest and this entails the elimination of the Al Qaeda threat and the prevention of a possible civil war. For these two ends, America is prepared to

Wednesday, September 25, 2019

Buy American Requirements Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Buy American Requirements - Assignment Example and any form of assembly at the construction site is not considered â€Å"Produced in the United States.† iii) What is not regulated – this category comprises of raw materials other that iron and/or steel, non-manufactured goods that are not either iron or steel, the origin of component and the sub-components parts of manufactured goods, and Loan and Grant Funds that was intended for the purchase of equipment ONLY. iv) Concerning construction bidding and contract documents – advertisement for bids is expected to be funded in whole or part with funds from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) and the use of these funds are applicable only when all the iron, steel, and manufactured goods are produced in the U.S. The contract on information for bidders and supplemental general conditions are also funded in part or whole by ARRA in accordance with Section 1605 of the ARRA (funds are used only if all the iron, steel, and manufactured goods are produced in the US). As was discussed previously, VectorCal is an already established firm that provides security services to governmental departments, the private sector, and individuals through drone navigation. DroveIn is also intended to perform theses duties, in addition to the provision of services that are not available from VectorCal. These services include the development of more user-friendly, wholesome, and affordable drones and the creation of a long-term relationship with the customers using a quantitative model (Deberg, 2011). Just like VectorCal, my company (DroneIn) will most probably develop its drones using iron and steel, and other manufactured items produced in the United States. Thus, these two firms may benefit from the Buy American Requirements in the following ways: 1) They are profit-making organizations and are thus, not impacted by these requirements. This implies that there will be no requirement for the components and

Tuesday, September 24, 2019

Art Through the Ages Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Art Through the Ages - Essay Example Imagination should not only form the basis for understanding 19th century art in the context of political, technological and social changes, but it should also help in developing the ability to locate art work in history. It is crucial to consider the convictions, expectations and prejudices of the spectators and artists in art during this historical period. Style refers to the distinguishing manner of producing an artistic object and the way the spectators look at the object. Style is a historian’s extraordinary sphere. However, because of its subjective assessment, it is rarely used by historians. Style in art provides a useful tool for creating chronology. In art history inquiry, defining artistic style comprise a vital element. Several different types of style exist; regional, period and personal style2. Regional style refers to the usage of variations in style attached to geography. Like the object’s date, its place of origin and providence can determine its charac ter. Artwork from the same location but made ages apart can have similarities, unlike contemporaneous work from differing locations. For instance, a historian can differentiate Egyptian art from Mexican or Italian art made during the same age. Variations in the two sets of art exist, which make it possible to differentiate the artwork. Through regional style, art in the 19th century can be studied and used to show the ideas and aims of the artists in this period3. In 1820-1860, romanticism and naturalism came out through the work by Delacroix in Liberty Leading the People and in Rude and Corot’s work. Their work portrayed emotional reactions against neo-classicalism. These artists used nature, patriotism, supernatural, heroism and glorification of the past to show changes in politics, technology and social aspects of life. For instant, peasants were used to show that the society, during this time, was composed of peasants. This means that not many technological advances had b een made during this period. The emotional reactions against neo-classicalism also showed the political nature of 1820-1860s. The work by Delacroix, Liberty Leading the People, portrays the emotional hatred of neo-classicalism. The art also depicted the peasant workers in their farms or homes. The hatred of neo-classicalism and the peasant workers showed political resentment towards neo-classicalism and the lack of technological knowledge and application in daily duties. The work also portrayed hints of patriotism in people, especially in protecting themselves against neo-classicalism4. Realism followed by naturalism came out in 1850-1870s through the works of Daumier, Hogarth and Eiffel. During this period, art portrayed positivism based on facts and not emotions. Industrial progress had begun to take root during this period. Eiffel designed the Eiffel tower during this period. This signified an age of advancement because man thought of complex achievements. The industrial revoluti on resulted in changes, in the society, because people could afford food and luxuries after working in the industries. Artists like Eiffel who designed the Eiffel tower explored into the technological world by designing a complex structure that had technological complexities. The growing steel industry provided material for the construction of his design. This period did not witness much political skepticism as the people had a positive outlook of the political future. The industrial and technological development kept

Monday, September 23, 2019

Torts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Torts - Essay Example The battery occurred when he (Wilkes) decided to hit Miss Oaks in the face with his fist, which resulted into Oaks being unconscious, her jaws broken in two places, and her sinus cavity having collapsed. Apart from the assault and battery, Wilkes also caused Miss Oaks to experience emotional distress, thus the plaintiff should also sue the defendant for intentional infliction of emotional distress. This is because the defendant managed to intentionally cause severe emotional distress via an act that was extremely outrageous. That is, the outrageousness of the act is attributed to the fact that the defendant carried out the assault on the plaintiff in front of many other students, which is something demoralizing to the plaintiff. Given the plaintiff is a still a young girl, such an incidence taking place in front of several other students tends to have a serious emotional impact on the plaintiff, especially once she reports back to school. More to that, Thomas Wilkes is also to be sued for invasion of privacy, given that he approached Oak’s table during lunch break, where verbal abuse ensued despite being warned by the assistant vice principle to stop his abuses towards the plaintiff. On the other hand, the other defendant is Rusty Converse, who is the assistant vice principle, and is responsible for student disciplinary matters at Westview High School. The second defendant, Mr. Converse, ought to be sued for Negligence. This is because he failed to act as a reasonable vice principle and teacher, especially one who has obligated with the role of ensuring that all students in his school, Westview High, are disciplined. Given his duties of making sure that no student ever feels threatened by a fellow student, Mr. Converse neglected his duties and intentionally caused the harm towards the plaintiff. In other words, he (Mr. Converse) breached and violated his duties, which was to

Sunday, September 22, 2019

Value of Time Essay Example for Free

Value of Time Essay There is a saying â€Å"Time and tide waits for none†. The saying is indeed true. Time waits for none. It comes and goes. Time is absolutely unbound able. Neither money nor position can buy it. Nothing on earth can subdue or conquer it. The most remarkable feature of time is its preciousness. Its value is unfathomable and its power is inestimable. Its potential is something which we cannot calculate. A minute is enough to win a victory. A second is enough to make you the richest man in the world. A fraction of a second can make a difference between life and death. Every moment brings with it thousands of golden opportunities. Every minute is a store-house of ‘chances’. Therefore, we must not allow such precious time to slip away. If we do so, we allow those golden opportunities and chances to slip away too. As we go through life, we realise for ourselves that, if there is anything in the world which will never come back, it is time. Once time crosses into the threshold of the past, it never again returns to the ‘present’. Those who have realised this basic truth of life, never allow time to pass away unused. To utilise time fruitfully, we must take concrete steps as to how we are going to use it and what we are going to do with it. Until and unless we set up a time-table for ourselves and make a general division of time for the various tasks and jobs at our hand, time will keep slipping away with its golden opportunities unnoticed. Unplanned living is the surest way to kill time. Those individuals who plan beforehand, seldom fail. They are able to start their work on time and are able to complete it in time. Having worked out every minute of the allotted time, they do not hurry. Planning and proper implementation of that always brings in success. Those who plan their living and activities seldom face heartaches, mental tensions and worries. A careful glance into the life history of successful men and women all over the world will reveal the basic truth that success is the outcome of planned utilisation of time. Therefore, if we want to succeed in life we ought to chalk out what we are going to do with the minutes, hours, days, months and years at our disposal. This is the first step to success. Secondly, work must never be postponed; tomorrow’ may never materialise. We can only be sure of the present’ which in our hands. Postponement and laziness are the ropes which strangle time. Thus, time can create us or destroy us. It all depends on how we utilise time.

Saturday, September 21, 2019

Contingency Tables Essay Example for Free

Contingency Tables Essay The two nominal level variables are respondent’s sex and marital status. The independent variable is respondent’s sex and dependent variable is respondent’s marital status. The null and alternate hypotheses are Null hypothesis, H0: Marital status is independent of sex. Alternate Hypothesis, H1: Marital status is dependent on sex. The variable sex measures respondent’s gender. The valid categories of measurement for the variable sex are ‘Male’ and ‘Female’ and they are coded as 1 and 2, respectively. The variable is a good example for the nominal level of measurement, as it merely identifies a category. The variable marital status measures respondent marital status. The valid categories of measurement for the variable marital status are ‘Married’, ‘Widowed’, ‘Divorced’, ‘Separated’ and ‘Never married’ and they are coded as 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, respectively. The variable is a good example for the nominal level of measurement, as it merely identifies a category. Majority (57. 3%) of the respondent’s were male. Majority (53. 0%) of the respondent’s were married. The percentage of respondents widowed, divorced, separated and never married were 11. 0%, 14. 2%, 2. 7% and 19. 1%, respectively. Table 1 shows the cross-tabulation of respondent’s marital status by sex. The distribution of male respondent’s for married, widowed, divorced, separated and never married were 59. 8%, 4. 8%, 11. 7, 1. 4% and 22. 2%, respectively. The distribution of female respondent’s for married, widowed, divorced, separated and never married were 48. 0%, 15. 6%, 16. 1, 3. 6% and 16. 8%, respectively. The table provides an evidence of correlation (association) between respondent’s sex and marital status in the sample. There appears a weak association between respondent’s sex and marital status. In general, the information summarized in the table 1 seems to provide evidence supporting research (alternate) hypothesis, as the distribution of male and females respondent’s for marital stratus are not similar. The value of nominal directional measure of association lambda is 0. This indicates no relationship between respondent’s sex and marital status that is knowing the respondent’s sex does not increase the ability to predict his or her marital status. This statistics (lambda) does not improve upon the use of column percentages to evaluate the given correlation.

Friday, September 20, 2019

The involvement of IMF in the Economic development of Nigeria

The involvement of IMF in the Economic development of Nigeria Has the economic integration and trade liberalisation of Nigeria by IMF enhanced its economic development? Research Issue: This question has contested several evoking and vigorous answers- following the ambiguities and contradictions of the IMF concepts that have riddled its purpose, and has therefore, created an enormous uncertainty and complexity which evidently is raising new anxieties and threats to human security and development especially in underdeveloped economies. Method: My main source of information will be from secondary data such as: Google books, articles, books and journals. I will apply a qualitative method approach. Purpose: The objective of this term paper is to analyse some economic indictors such as GDP, inflation and other economic variables from these secondary data to see if the integration and trade liberalisation of Nigeria by IMF has enhance the economic development of Nigeria or rather distorted its development. Keywords: Globalisation, Economic Development, IMF, Nigeria, GDP, Economic growth, Inflation, dependent theory, Liberal Theory, Abbreviations GDP: Gross Domestic Product SAP: Structural Adjustment Programme OECD: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development GATT: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade WTO: World Trade Organisation IMF: International Monetary Fund CBN: Central Bank of Nigeria NEEDS: National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy MNCs: Multi National Companies LDCs: Least Developed Countries PRSP: Poverty Reduction Strategy Programme FDI: Foreign Direct Investment OAU: Organisation of African Union MAN: Manufacturing Association of Nigeria NEITI: Nigerian Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative NACCIMA: Nigeria Association of Chambers of Commerce. Industry, Mines and Agriculture NIEC: National Economic Intelligence Committee NASSI: Nigeria Association of Small Scale Industrial 1. INTRODUCTION The economic of Nigeria and as other British colonies has been under great influence dating back to 1846 when the protective barriers or duties on agricultural imports were abolished. By 1860, all trace of restriction on trade and tariff restrictions were removed and an era of free trade imperialism treaties begun .The imposition of the Free Trade by the British on its colonies and informal empire to obligatory maintain low tariffs by treaties with the chief aim of reducing their sovereignty in commercial matter and giving extraterritorial right to foreigners (Angus Maddison, World Economy, April 2001). The two world wars shattered this liberal order and caused the collapse of capital flows and the beggar-your-neighbour trade system. However, by 1950 to 1973 a significant fast growth in the world economy was recorded and that era was referred to as the golden age. This growth was due to several reasons but mainly because of the creation of a liberal international order by advanced capitalist countries with explicit and rational codes of behaviour and institutions for co-operation (OEEC, OECD, IMF, World Bank and the GATT) in order to avoid the incur of the beggar-your-neighbour behaviour of the pre war years(Angus Maddison). However, Nigeria and the rest of the 168 countries of the world were considered falter in their economic development because of the alarming deterioration in economic performance of these countries after the golden age. This liberal international order is known as globalisation today. The issue of the faltering economies of this heterogeneous group of 168 countries has brought questions, opinions and views of pros and cons of globalisation. Some believe that globalisation has made the world healthier while other believes the contrary. Theodore Leavitt(1983) to explain globalisation market state that We live in a rapid globalising world and certain national identifiers like taste, technology, market and finance are no longer constrained by national boundaries. They operate on a global basis. The defining features of globalisation are interdependence and connectedness of the economics, politics and culture of nations and not uniformity of markets and taste of a single country (Yong M, 1989). The more these economies integrate, on the one hand; the more new ideas about politics, education, entertainment and services and expansion of local culture perimeters are reinforced and diffused. On the other hand, the international network becomes increasingly complex and unpredictable. Beside, as is known fact that, virtually all humans are opportunistic; hardly would nations work together and not want to outwit one another either to gain an economic, social or military advantage. While considering the complexity of economic growth through integration. The question will be, is it possible for underdeveloped economies to transform into vibrant economies for growth and development amidst this complexity? Well, base on the complexity and competitiveness of the developed economies over those of the underdeveloped economies and the implicit backing of these developed economies by international global institutions such as the OECD, WTO, GATT, IMF, and World Bank, a sustainable economic growth of these underdeveloped economies is slim. This has aroused great criticisms and close examination of the impact of globalisation on the development process of these underdeveloped economies because of the continual retardation of these economies. This persistent situation has resulted to the debt crisis of many of these economies and had led to sheer poverty, squalor, deprivation, frustration and worst political instability. 1.1 Globalisation The term globalisation is frequently used but seldom defined because of the vast interpretation of its phenomenon and perhaps its multiple manifestations of its prevailing trend. It has become a buzzword of the century often use to describe everything that is happening in the world today. Since its advent, a once thought big world is made into a much smaller place where the interaction between different countries and economies of the world are increasingly integrated by factors like internet, TV, radio and mobile phones and the creation of institution like World Trade Organisation (WTO), World Bank and International Financial Institutions (IFIs) has expanded international trade and also portfolio of investment such as foreign loans, international policies Brittan (1998:2) viewed globalisation as a whirlwind of relentless and disruptive change which leaves governments helpless and leaves a trail of economic, social, cultural and environmental problem in its wakes. My own interpretation of globalisation is that: Globalisation is the marginalisation of the underdeveloped economies by the developed economies for their self sustainability purposes. 1.2 Research Question Has the economic integration and trade liberalisation of Nigeria by IMF enhanced its economic development? 1.3 Research Issue This question has contested several evoking and vigorous answers- following the ambiguities and contradictions of the IMF concepts that have riddled its purpose, and has therefore, created an enormous uncertainty and complexity which evidently is raising new anxieties and threats to human security and development especially in underdeveloped economies. 1.4 Research Objective The objective of this term paper is to analyse some economic indictors such as GDP, inflation and other economic variables from these secondary data to see if the integration and trade liberalisation of Nigeria by IMF has enhance the economic development of Nigeria or rather distorted its development. 1.5 Paper Design There are about six different research designs (Philosophical, Literature review, and Case study, Survey, Evaluation and Experiment) but I will be choosing two among these six research designs. Philosophical: its often used to examine a research issue from another perspective because it is based on existing literature. Literature review: this design aim at summering data already collected for a particular topic. When data are qualitative, the analysis of this data can create new knowledge and perspectives on the matter previously put forward. 2. PROBLEM STATEMENT Nigeria, a country located at the trigger point of Africa and the envy of all African states was forecasted by economists to transcend ahead of most of the African states in her economic development to become the giant of Africa and the international economic trade centre such as Dubai, central Asia and China of today. These believe and forecasts were not just based on mere passive ideas but on concrete facts of the availability of natural resources, human resources and huge market base in Nigeria. With the boost in agriculture and earning top dollar from the exportation of black gold, Nigeria discovered oil; the money spinner, at Oloibiri in present Bayelsa state in 1956. Nigeria got her independence in 1960 and was seen as nature goes perfect blessed with good climate and vast fertile agricultural land almost twice the size of England with high human resource index and huge market base. With the abundant untapped natural resources, it was logical for anyone and not only economist to have thought that the involvement of economics experts such as the IMF and the World Bank in the running of Nigeria economy will accelerate its transition to attained socio-economic stability being that these institutions main goals and objectives are to provide avenues for proper allocation of resources, monitoring of balance of payment, evaluating and rendering technical assistance through economic Structural Adjustment Program (SAP). However, as the saying goes à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦with great wealth comes greater problems. Today, the oil-rich Nigerian economy suffers from long hobbled political instability, corruption, inadequate infrastructure, and poor macroeconomic management. There is an acute growth in income poverty and worse of all, human poverty- this implies, the denial of choices and opportunities to live a tolerable life (United Nations, 1997) and the fundamental freedom of action and choice to influence key decision affecting their lives. Apart from oil, the strength of Nigeria economy lies in its rich agricultural resource base. From the 1980s agricultural productivity was recorded to be on constant declination due to abandonment for oil and that gave raise to rampant rural poverty. This has rendered the economy vulnerable to external shocks which emanates from the fluctuations in world oil prices and the rising of imports prices, therefore creating an external and internal imbalances. These imbalances manifested difficulty in balance of payment, unemployment and low utilisation capacity in all sectors, and deterioration in purchasing power. Between 1982 and 1994, the debt stock of Nigeria rose at an average rate of 17% which means, stock of external debt increased by a factor of 33 in 22 years aside from domestic debt (Iyoha, 1997). Today, Nigerias public debt is more than 75% of its GDP with the effective debt to export ratio being more than 200%. This ironically has shoot up Nigeria to be Africas biggest debtor with about $ 28.5billion to its external creditor and debt service payments of $3.3billion in 2002 alone and that is expected to be on constant rise (Debt Management Office, 2002). The growth rate of Nigeria external and domestic debt was 9.4% in 2002 against the GDP growth rate of 3.3% and the external growth rate of -6.7% with the average GDP per capita annual growth rate of -0.4%(CBN Annual Report, 2002). Figure : Growth Rate of GDP, Income Per Capital and Total Dept Source: CBN Statistical Bulletin 1999 and CBN Annual Reports and Statements of Accounts 2002 During the 1960s, Nigeria never observed double- digit inflation. By 1976, the inflation rate stood at 23%. It decreased to 11.8% in 1979 and gun shoot to 41% and 72.8% by 1989 and 1995 respectively which marked the early period of the IMF Structural Adjustment Programm (SAP). Trend of gross domestic product of Nigeria at market prices Table : Inflation, GDP and Exchange Rate Year Gross Domestic Product US Dollar Exchange Inflation Index (2000=100) Per Capita Income (as  % of USA) 1980 50,849 0.78 Naira 1.30 7.22 1985 98,619 2.83 Naira 3.20 1.87 1990 286,374 8.94 Naira 8.10 1.49 1995 1,928,642 54.36 Naira 56 1.28 2000 4,676,394 102.24 Naira 100 1.11 2005 14,894,454 131.01 Naira 207 1.96 For purchasing power parity comparisons, the US Dollar is exchanged at 150.00 Nigerian Naira only.(IMF) Based on the impact of inflation, the per capita GDP today remains lower than in 1960 when Nigeria declared independence. By 2005, Nigerias inflation rate was estimated to be 15.6 percent and the GDP was composed of the following sectors: agriculture, 26.8 percent; industry, 48.8 percent; and services, 24.4 percent. (NEEDS) It is to be observed in the first graph; the growth in GDP from 1970-1978 was recorded to be 3.1% annually and 1972 to 1973 was the oil boom era; there was a remarkable growth in GDP of approximately 6.2% annually. However, in the 1980s to the 90s, Nigeria started to have negative GDP growth rates. This period constitutes the Structural Adjustment Program and economic liberalisation in Nigeria by the IMF and since then the economic has responded to a 4.0% positive GDP growth rate. The aim of this paper is to analyse the impact of the structural Adjustment Programmes introduced by IFIs (IMF) through globalisation on economic development of the underdeveloped economies (Nigeria as case study). This will be by the application of two economic theories (dependency, liberal) and observation of the three economic development variables. The two economics theories will help to give more light on the analysis of the persistent poverty in the underdeveloped world, Nigeria especially, while the variables to demonstrate economic development. My choice of Nigeria as a case study is due to its idyllic background as a country of immense natural and human resources but 70% of its population live below the poverty line (World Bank). I will concentrate on IMF conditionality and its influence on the economic development of Nigeria. 3. LITERATURE REVIEW 3.1 Economic Development There are numerous definitions for economic development as there are people who practice it. Economic development means different things to different people, which today makes the definition of economic development harder than ever in a more concrete and salient terms. Gonà §alo L Fonsesca at the New School for Social Research defines economic development as the analysis of the economic development of nations. The University of Iowas Centre for International Finance and Development states that: Economic development or development is a term that economists, politicians, and others have used frequently in the 20th century. The concept, however, has been in existence in the West for centuries. Modernization, Westernization, and especially Industrialization are other terms people have used when discussing economic development. Although no one is sure where the concept originated, most people agree that development is closely bound up with the evolution of capitalism and the demise of feudalism. From other perspective, economic development involves the allocation of scarce resources land, labour, capitol and entrepreneurship in ways which has positive effect on the level of business activity, employment, income distribution patterns, and fiscal solvency. 3.1.1 The Imperative of Economic development Professor Dudley Seers argues development is about outcomes and development occurs with the reduction and elimination of poverty, inequality and unemployment within a growing economy. The 21st century view of development encompasses a countrys consensus to achieve sustainable growth, poverty reduction, gender equality, human development, environmental protection, institutional transformation and human right protection. To put it concisely, development is the ultimate aspiration of modern economies, it is the upward movement of a countrys entire social system. More to the point, development is the removal of any host of undesirable condition that may perpetrate a state of underdevelopment. Economic growth is a prerequisite for economic development. Facilitating increase in the output of major sectors of production of the economy, such as natural resource and manufacturing either by the improvement of the structural system such as technology, will lead to economic growth. (Todaro, 1994) Kuznets (1971) defined economic growth as a long term rise in capacity to supply increasingly diverse economic goods to its population; this growing capacity is based on advancing technology and the institutional and ideological adjustments that it demands The obstacle facing most of these developing countries is the ability to create a more conducive atmosphere for essential use and harnessing of economic resources. The obstacle has increase anxiety by the increase of economic liberalism that promotes free movement of capital that tends to undermine and marginalise indolent economies. This interdependent global economic dispensation has given rise to disparities among countries of the world on the attainment of economic growth. 3.1.2 Growth versus Development However, before I go further, I will like to state that; there is a considerable difference between economic growth and development. I may just frankly state that, economic development is a terminology used to refer to the underdeveloped countries and while economic growth refers to the developed countries. Economists Peter Bearse and Roger Vaughan write that: Development is a qualitative change, which entails changes in the structural system of the economy, including innovations in institutions, behaviours, and technologies which enhance growth, While Growth is a quantitative change in the scale of the economy in terms of investment, output, consumption, and income Amartya Sen state that: Development requires the removal of major sources of poverty as well as tyranny, poor economic opportunities as well as systematic social deprivation neglect of public facilities as well as intolerance or over activity of repressive statesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Hence, on one hand, economic development can not be achieve without growth because it can be conceived as a multi-Dimensional process or phenomena-increase in per capital income, increase in GNP and improve living standard of the population but, on the other hand, growth is possible without development for the mere fact that it is measured as the increase in GNP, it does not have any other parameter. 3.1.3 Historical development of the term To continue it will be necessary to show how this term economic development has evolved over time to include a wider variety of variables and not just focus on economic growth. Economic development is a term conceptualised as a branch of economics in the early 20th century in reverence to growth and industrialisation in the capitalist society by the classical school of economics. However, this school of thought did not put to consideration countries like Africa, Latin America and Asia but rather an opposite reflection of the developed world that will catch up in time. (History of Economic thought, 2008) Economists after the World War II become more concerned about the low standard of living in so many countries, especially due to decolonisation. The aim of the term changed to include not only the Western world but also the less developed which in fact made most of the population of the globe. Therefore, important reservations were made as opposed to the ultimate objective of the study of economics to include other variable rather than only economic growth. With fast change in the political geography of the world, the need for the formation of supranational bodies (IMF, OECD and World Bank) that would oversee the smooth progress of the developing nations became necessary. The responsibilities of these institutions are to work hand-in-hand with the local government of the underdeveloped nations to sustain and accelerate growth speeding up progress of economic development of these nations. Many believed that economic development started as capitalism but as time went by and changes occurred, the term shifted from capital oriented concept to identify human capital endowments developed by Schultz (1951) as the primary obstacle to the realization of the potential economies of scale inherent in the industrialization of developing countries. Singer (1964) contributed further more to this social development by including health and fertility into the picture. Incorporating elimination of poverty, inequality and unemployment in the equation by Dudley Seers (1969) gave a notable change in defining the term economic development By 1977 Seers developed a structuralised theory which included social development and economic growth to the overall definition of economic development. As of this point, reservations were made for the third world countries because of the distinctive characteristic that differentiated them from the western countries. Later on, privatisation was introduced such as foreign MNCs as a factor in the economic development of least developed countries (LDCs) by the Neo-Liberals in the 1980s. (History of Economic Thought, 2008) Definition of Economic Development I decided to put a definition of Economic Development that would best fit my analysis of a third world country. Economic development is the fundamental process of increasing the factors of productive capacity- land, labour, capital, and technology -through sustainable growth from a simple, low-income to a modern high-income national, state or local economy. Its scope includes the process and policies of using its resources and powers to reduce the risks and costs which could inhibit investment but improves the economic, political and social well-being of its peoples. 3.2 Economic Theories The crisis facing the underdeveloped countries can not be accurately and properly analysed without the examination of some theories underpinning the problem. These crises have triggered scholar and writers with different theories, explanations and research projects aimed at solving and bringing to light the causes and complexities surrounding these crises. (Baran, 1957, Frank, 1971) maintained that dependency theory is the best for understanding the causes of the crises. While others argue that development theory (Rostowe, 1960) or economic explanations (Offiong, 1980) give a more lucid view. Yet, there are others who contended that political explanations (Migdal, 1988) or the liberal theory (Burchil, 1996) is of most important. For the purpose of this paper, I will consider the dependency and liberal economic theories 3.2.1 Dependency theory The economy of Nigeria is in doldrums from the recent pandemic crisis of capitalism. Though it has always been a battered economy which has been suffering from a form of Dutch Disease socio-economic hardship and where the poor masses benefited nothing from the boom in the annals of Nigeria. Nigerians naively thought that for not being fully integrated into the world economy, they could at worst receive a mere scratch from this contagious capitalism crisis. However, this economic maelstrom was made truly global by globalisation. Andre Gunder Frank, one of the earliest dependency theorists, made it quite clear on this point, historical research demonstrates that contemporary underdevelopment is in large part the historical product of past and continuing economic and other relations between the satellite underdeveloped and the now developed metropolitan countries. Furthermore, these relations are an essential part of the capitalist system on a world scale as a whole.(Andre Gunder Frank, The Development of Underdevelopment, in James D. Cockcroft, Andre Gunder Frank, and Dale Johnson, eds., Dependence and Underdevelopment. Garden City, New York: Anchor Books, 1972, p). 3. This view shows that capitalism promotes greed and blind pursuit of profit. The enforcement of international division of labour is the one proof but the most explicit manifestation of this doctrine is the Comparative Advantage characteristic. This division of labour (dependent and dominant states) is largely responsible for the underdevelopment of large areas of the world. The osmotic act that occurs in this system provides at large an ultimate explanation for the persistence of poverty in these areas of the world. The dependent states are made to supply cheap minerals, agricultural commodities, and cheap labour and these economies also serve as the repositories of surplus capital, obsolescent technologies and manufactured goods. This flow of goods, money and service into the dependent states are considered functions which orient these economies towards the outside. However, these dependent states have little or no influence to determine the allocation of their resources; it is rathe r determined by the economic interests of the dominant states. This division is considered by the capitalist a necessity for efficient allocation of resources. Dependency theory can be an explanation of economic development of a state in term of the external influences (political, economic, and cultural) on national development policies. (Osvaldo Sunkel, The Journal of Development Studies, Vol. 6, no. 1, October 1969, p. 23) Dependency can be define with emphasis on historical dimension asà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ an historical condition which shapes a certain structure of the world economic such that it favours some countries (Dominant states) on the detriment of others(dependent) and therefore limits the development possibilities of the subordinate economics. This a situation which the economy of a certain group of countries is put under unfavourable condition by the development and expansion of another economy, to which their own is subjected. (Theotonio Dos Santos, Readings in U.S. Imperialism, 1971, p. 226) However, there are serious disagreements among the various strains of dependency theorists. Although there are some core propositions which seem to underlie the analyses of most dependency theorist, nonetheless there are vigorous and challenging debates among the liberal reformers (Prebisch), the Marxists (Andre Gunder Frank), and the world theorists (Waller Stein) on the dependency theory. 3.2.1.1 The Core Propositions of Dependency Theory There are contestable numbers of propositions, which form the core of dependency theory. I will take two out of these numerous propositions because the suit my paper: 1. Underdevelopment is a condition fundamentally different from undevelopment. The latter term simply refers to a condition in which resources are not being used, while Underdevelopment refers to a situation in which resources are being actively used, but used in a way which benefits dominant states and not the poorer states in which the resources are found. 2. The distinction between underdevelopment and undevelopment places the LDCs countries of the world in a profoundly different historical context such as behind or catching up to the developed countries of the world. 3.2.2 Liberal Economic Theory Capitalism has failed to develop Nigeria, despite it huge natural and human resources. The Nigerians with necessary lesson incur from capitalism needed an alternative for economic -oriented revolution. The neo-liberal saw this as an opportunity to present itself as an economic alternative system for Nigeria and Africa as a whole. Since then, Nigeria has been compelled to swallow one economic prescription after the other such as IMF and World Bank imposed reforms; SAP (Structural Adjustment Program), PRSP (Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers) etc. and now NEEDS (National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy), yet poverty still persist. The World Banks seminal report title: Sub -Sahara Africa (1999) signified an ideology that retain both emphasis upon domestic sources of economic malaise and the faith in liberal economic policies which has a twin resemblance to belated centrality of state and accountable government to sustained the capitalist development.(Sandbrook, 1993:2) This report claim that Africa needs not only good governance but better governments that will concentrate more on trade liberalisation and not on direct intervention. Hence, a proposal of the conversion of the monopolistic Africa states by IMF and World Bank into liberal democracies linked to enlarge and rejuvenated private sector and to build a reformed states institutional capacity are formulations of neo-liberal capitalist to teach poor nations the good old fashion fiscal discipline. To say in a clear statement, liberal economic theory is manoeuvre of the western capitalist to have continuous clutch on the underdeveloped countries championed by the Financial Institutions (IFIs). The major argument is that economic liberalization has provided the flow of foreign investment into the underdeveloped countries, as the means of reducing trade and exchange restrictions. This idea was that in the process of homogenizing the political economy of every member states of the international community, the creation of a market society on a global scale is achieved (Biersteker, 1993). Professor Mason Gaffney, a renowned America economist stated that the neo-classical economics present us with choices often too hard a dilemma. According to him, these dilemmas are choices of sacrifices that are not favourable for government to undertake and at the same time developed. For efficiency, government must sacrifice equity; to attract business government must lower taxes so much as to cause the closure of libraries and starve the schools; to prevent inflation government must keep a huge unfortunates rate of unemployment; to make jobs government must chew up land and pollute the world; to motivate workers there must be unequal wealth distribution and so on. These dilemmas have provided the solid reasons that contribute to the present poverty in the underdeveloped countries and these are by imposition of free market strictures on the underdeveloped countries by the powerful trans -national bodies (IFIs) which personify free trade liberalism as part of their governing ideology. They lock peripheral states into agreement which forces them to lower their protective barriers thereby preventing the underdeveloped nations from developing trade profiles which diverge from the model dictated by their supposed comparative advantage. Burchill et al, (1996) stated that; the IMF and the World Bank for example, are responsible for the provision of finance assistance(or more accurately debt) to underdeveloped societies upon

Thursday, September 19, 2019

Andreas Capellanus De Amore: :: Andreas Capellanus De Amore

Andreas Capellanus' De Amore: An Instructional Book for Men in the Ways to Treat Women Andreas Capellanus was born between the years 1150-1160 and died sometime after 1186. Not much of his life is known besides that he is believed to have been a chaplain in the Court of Henry of Troy. Capellanus wrote a book named De Amore, which became the definitive work on the subject of courtly love throughout medieval times. De Amore is a book stylized in the form of a letter to a fictitious friend, Walter, about the intricacies of love. However, De Amore is really a manual which teaches men how to seduce women. The whole book is written from a man's point of view and mentions the emotional experiences of women only incidentally. This is not to put a negative connotation on Capellanus's work. During this time period, every aspect of life - public and personal - was dominated by the male half of our species. But, this does not change the fact that our author's chief concern was to instruct his reader, a man, in the ways of winning a woman on whom he has set his heart. There are three major, honest ways of winning a woman's response - "a fine physique, manly behavior, and fluency and elegance of speech." (Brittanica). It is intention of De Amore to set out to teach the last. In De Amore, Andreas casts his instructions in the matter of the speech between lovers in the same and in different social classes. To cover all the possibilities of interaction between classes there should have be nine different dialogues. However, Capellanus seems to never think of the possibility of a man of gentry talking to a lady of the high nobility (Hermann). These dialogues develop into a give and take of argument and persuasion. Eventually, the women in each case in persuaded by the eloquent way in which the young man speaks. In the Art of Courtly Love, Capellanus gives several absolutes that he considers essential to any relationship where love will be involved. Not least of these rules is the axiom that jealousy is a must for a couple to love one another.

Wednesday, September 18, 2019

The Long Trail :: Essays Papers

The Long Trail GRAPH The Long Trail, â€Å"Vermont’s footpath in the wilderness†, is the oldest long distance hiking trail in the U.S.. The Long Trail was conceived on the peak of Stratton Mountain in southern Vermont by James P. Taylor (1872-1949) as he waited for a thick fog to lift. On March 11, 1910 twenty-three people met in Burlington and founded the Green Mountain Club, and the Long Trail was on it’s way to becoming real. Work began on the trail in the Mt. Mansfield (highest peak in Vermont at 4383’) and Camel’s Hump areas, and connected the two by the end of 1912. Within only the first decade of the Green Mountain Club’s existence members had cleared over 200 miles of trail and provided 44 overnight sleeping accommodations. Of these, 14 were huts and shelters raised by the GMC. The final link of trail was cut to the Canadian border in 1930. The GMC celebrated its 21st birthday and the completion of the Long Trail with a chorus of flares erupting from mountaintops all along the spine of the Green Mountains. In 1931 the GMC trustees approved the hiring of a paid Long Trail Patrol under the leadership of Roy O. Buchanan. This group worked on trail maintenance and the construction and repair of shelters and huts along the trail. During this time the GMC also brought strong opposition to the proposed Green Mountain Parkway, a scenic highway cutting across the length of the Green Mountain range. Shelter construction increased during the period between 1950 and 1960, responding to growth in traffic on the trail. In 1958 the club was also instrumental in stopping an army plan to erect a missile communications tower on the Chin of Mt. Mansfield. Between 1966 and 1975 the GMC responded to new pressures caused by traffic by removing dumps from campsites, initiating â€Å"carry in- carry out† policies, education on responsible trail use and stationing of caretakers at the most high use areas and summits.

Tuesday, September 17, 2019

Chains Book Report

Chains Summer Reading and Book Report In the year of 1776, America was much different than it is today. Back then, we were ruled by the British Royal Family, and we only had a total of thirteen colonies. Chains was based in the time of slavery and of the Revolutionary War. Isabel and Ruth were slaves for Miss Finch; in her will, Miss Finch wrote for the sisters to be freed once she had passed. After the funeral, the will could not be acquired. Now the girls were slaves, not free. After this unfortunate event, Isabel was confident that she could find the lawyer who had written the will to prove that they were free.The sisters were then returned to the slave market and sold to the Lockton's, together. The relationship between the British Government and the American Colonies started to crumble. There were several reasons for this. Some people in the Colonies, like the Lockton's, hadn't yet decided which side they are on, Loyalists or Patriots, so they played on both. These people, the à ¢â‚¬Å"half pats†, would get information from America that would be useful in the time of war, and transmit this information to the British Government. This information proved to be crucial to help the Patriots win the Revolutionary War.The Patriots desperately wanted their independence, because there was an official religion and mostly, of the incredibly heavy taxes set in America. New York City was very different than it is today; no taxi's, no Time Square, and absolutely no skyscrapers, but there was tension in the air as if something on a large scale was about to occur. There were grand mansions on the street corners, people going to the shops in carriages, and mostly there were slaves. During the time of war, soldiers were rummaging through houses looking for anything made of lead, for ammunition.The Loyalists and the Patriots were both using spies to help them gain the advantage in the Revolutionary War. The British Government was using the Lockton's as well as other â₠¬Å"half pats†, while the Patriots were using Isabel and other slaves for spies. Many of the â€Å"half pats† we're under surveillance by the continental army during the time of the Revolutionary War. The first major theme of Chains is determination, as a result of Isabel being very determined to find the lawyer that had written Miss finch's will to prove that she and her sister were free.Even though Mr. Roberts acquired the sisters from Miss Finch, he sold the sisters to the Lockton's. Isabel told Mr. Roberts that in Miss Finch's will the sisters should be freed. He informed Isabel that was a lie and said she couldn't read. Isabel still was very determined to prove him wrong. The second important theme is patience. If it wasn't for Isabel having abundant patience, then the sisters' wouldn't be in the place that they are now. Isabel worked every day for hours upon hours and did not complain about anything.She would clean, sweep, wash, dry and any other job that Master or Madam Lockton needed, yet still she had patience that something great would finally happen to them. The third major theme of this book is family. When Isabel and Ruth's mother died, all of her belongings were given to the girls, but once Miss Finch passed, those belonging weren't Isabel's and Ruth's anymore. When they were sold, Isabel took some flower seeds to plant as a memoir of their mother. As if it couldn't get any worse, Ruth was then separated from Isabel to be Madam Lockton's personal slave.Family was very important because since Isabel lost Ruth, she has no family left. Chains could greatly change the world today. First, if we all learned to appreciate all of our belongings and not crave more and more, then we would all be a completely altered people. In the book, Isabel was taken from her former home and put in a new dwelling with basically nothing. The only thing that Isabel and Ruth were able to snatch were a handful of their mothers flower seeds. Ruth didn't even get to grab her precious doll that her mother had made for her before she had passed.Secondly, if we started to spend more time with our family, then the world could be changed as well. The only family that Isabel and Ruth had was their mother, and when she passed they had no one left, not one single family member they knew. Lastly, if we were all as determined as Isabel was, then the world would also be forever changed. We would be determined to finish homework on time, get good grades on tests, and mostly, be determined to follow the golden rule. Treat others like you would like to be treated. If that happened, then there would be no murders, no stealing, basically no crime, and in schools no bullying.Isabel was so determined to find her former owner's will to prove they were free. If she couldn't find the will the consequences would be life as a slave. I feel as if I am changed on the inside, because all that Isabel and Ruth went through was so extreme. If I was in their place, I wou ld probably not be as determined, or as courageous as either of them. I can definitely relate to Isabel, because it appeared Ruth had special needs. It seemed she did not talk very much and when she did it sounded as if she was in her own little world.I relate to this because I have a brother with special needs. I feel responsible to keep an eye on him, help him, and mostly protect him. Like Isabel I need to protect him from from the dangers of other people and of many items that could harm him. I really started to appreciate most things that we take for granted like having a family, the house that I live in, my iPad, my iPod and my phone, and a bed. Isabel and Ruth were explaining that to make their bed more firm they would add corn husk to it, while we all complain about springs or foam.All of the little things that we don't really notice all come into play when they're gone. I already knew that slavery was quite a big deal, but after reading it from a slaves point of view totally changes what I though was real history. I also didn't realize that the tension between the Thirteen Colonies and Great Britain was so large. I didn't know that the British government were using Loyalists as â€Å"half pats† to gain information from the patriots. This book helped me learn so much about the relationship between the Thirteen Colonies and Great Britain.I really did love this book but there were a couple of things that didn't quite make sense to me, like, what did Mr. Roberts do to the will at the beginning? Or did he do anything to it at all? The main part that I did dislike very much was when they would talk and they would use slang words, and I would get lost and have to reread to finally understand. Overall this was an excellent book. It described the tension between the Colonies and Great Britain, why the Patriots and the Loyalists split, why the Loyalists still remained in the Colonies, and why the Patriots sought independence and freedom.In conclusion Chai ns tells us to appreciate the things that we have and the people that we love. This book is not just a book that has a story that goes along with it, it is a moral that we all should abide by. Just think, if we all followed all of the themes and morals in this book, we could say we are pretty close to perfect. To be and to follow all of the themes and morals are nearly impossible but if we believe that we can, we can achieve anything.

Monday, September 16, 2019

Revisiting Recommendations of the Marketing Plan

The key focuses of the marketing plan are as follows: Cooperative Marketing: Techniques to create additional market awareness for two companies in one ad campaign. Offering discounts to the partners customer on the GGI products Advertising on Internet: Ads can be put on other companies’ websites, as well, in the form of banners and other â€Å"clickable† type links routing potential customers to our website. Another idea in the marketing plans talks of merging the two points mentioned. We can look at different internet sites for cities and towns, such as their respective Chamber of Commerce and other such sites where new residents, who are looking to furbish their homes, might look to for ideas of where to shop and what products to buy. The companies already respected and listed in the Chamber would be suitable for internet cooperative marketing ad campaigns. Collaborating with Dealers and Distributors : Dealers and/or independent distributors of our products could be allotted a budget to advertise based on a percentage of their net profits for the last year Measuring the effectiveness of the Marketing Plan Jaworski in his definition of marketing control states the Monitoring performance provides one informational means to help planned marketing activities produce desired results (Jaworski 1988, p.24). Control theory assumes that management has a strategy and a known set of intermediary stages (plans) with which actual performance can be compared. Metrics selection is a key process by which marketing managers can learn to improve performance by adjusting the utility levels associated with marketing. Say, if a company realizes that the performance in one of the marketing channel is not leading to the desired results they can look at realigning their strategy and look at a possibility of investing more in the other marketing avenues. Philip Kotler lists four types of marketing controls (table 22.1, p.685): annual-plan, profitability, efficiency and strategic. These distinguish whether the company is selecting the right goals (strategic), whether they are being achieved (effectiveness or annual-plan), where the company is making or losing money (profitability) and the return on marketing expenditure (efficiency). (Kotler 2003 pg 685) In the current landscape the most important for GGI is to expand its base and derive maximum mileage on minimum investment. The challenge is finding maximum share of voice in the cooperative marketing and raise Profit/Profitability Sales, Value and/or Volume Gross Margin Awareness Market Share (Volume or Value) Number of Consumer Complaints (Level of dissatisfaction) Consumer Satisfaction Distribution/Availability Total Number of Customers Marketing Spend Perceived Quality/esteem Loyalty/Retention TO achieve this, the following metrics are suggested for GGI The metrics for each marketing channel at a primary level should measure the efficiency of each channel i.e. the ROI on each channel as a whole, be it collaborative marketing or marketing through internet each channel has a role to play in the marketing strategy and that needs to be tracked. Share of wallet in case of distributor’s can be a good tool to be measured here. Each element of the channel needs to be measured on the following items: Consumer Attitudes consisting of Awareness, perceived quality, Satisfaction, relevance, image/personality, perceived differentiation, Consumer Behavior measuring Total number of customers, Number of new customers, reference customers and Loyalty Accounting would include sales, gross and net margins, profitability In case of GGI the stated metrics can be applied on the marketing channels like web marketing, cooperative marketing can be evaluated on the ROI. If the ROI of any channel is not satisfactory then the reasons can be explored from the metrics mentioned in point two (for each element). Perhaps one or more elements are not performing as expected. A remedial measure of finding a suitable element can be done. For example if the returns on the Cooperative marketing are not up to the mark we can view the performance of the elements. If they show inconsistency in data i.e. performance of some elements is satisfactory and others is not then we need to look at switching the partners chosen for cooperative marketing. On the other hand if all the elements reflect a poor quality then the channel strategy needs to be re-looked at. Improving on Metrics To improve on the metrics GGI needs to take the individual cases. For Web marketing the company needs to consider the different pricing model for putting up the banners at different websites. These models can be pay per click, fixed time banner, output based banners. The company can also look at Search Engine Optimization, Viral marketing as an extension to the Web marketing For Cooperative marketing the choice of channels would be the instrumental. Also improving on the share of voice in the common advertisement is importance.   The choice of partner is very critical. The partner should preferable be a complimentary or a reseller of similar products. But the channel dynamics become critical in these cases. References Jaworski, Bernard J. (1988), â€Å"Toward a Theory of Marketing Control: Environmental Context, Control Types, and Consequences†, Journal of Marketing, Vol.52, No.3, pp.23-39 Kotler, Philip (2003), Marketing Management, (11th edition), Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall   

Sunday, September 15, 2019

Application of Ict in Classrooms in Rural Area Essay

Abstract This project discusses how class room education without ICT has become one of the major problems in rural area, to be specific Fufore local Government area in Adamawa state. Class room Education in rural area is not as effective as the ones in urban schools, because of their poor standard of learning, lack of communication, information, qualified teachers in rural schools and they lack ICT facilities to help them and provide awareness of modern standard of teaching. So, this project shows how implementation of ICT in class rooms can help these students, its benefits from implementation, challenges and also expectations from results. It involves how the state Government, private organisations and private sources will come together to make this success by providing the necessary materials, ICT services such as computer workstations, projectors, power supply via solar energy, trained computer experts that will show the school how to manage these resources, internet connectivity and basic infrastructure by the Government for these Fufore nursery/primary schools for better education and better knowledge of ICT and how it will greatly affect and have a positive influence to these students and finally this implementation will only benefit the students only but also the teachers who don’t have computer skills. Introduction This project is focused in implementing ICT in rural area, and the case study is on fufore local government in Yola. As we all know rural areas in Nigeria lack quality and basic education, when you talk about education in rural area what comes to our head is low standard of learning, poor education, not well equipped class rooms for student’s education or lack of proper infrastructure suitable for education. An article defined rural education as: There is little dispute that basic education1—often characterized as the reading, math, and other skills and knowledge taught in the first four years of primary school—is critical to economic and social development. Without basic skills, according to one definition, a person cannot comprehend the instructions on a bottle of medicine or a bag of fertilizer or read a government notice. Neither can the person compute a bill or write a letter. Without basic skills, it is impossible to develop one’s potential or to contribute in anything more than a rudimentary manner to society (Greaney, 1999). (Moulton, 2001) Fufore Local Government is settled area in the southern part of Adamawa with five major languages known as Fulani (largest), Bata, Verre, Laka and Pere, it consist of 1500 people that live there, most of them engage in cattle rearing, poultry, farming etc. When i went to observe these schools i noticed there were at least 300 children that went to both nursery and secondary schools, but the problem is they lack facilities that will make these students feel they are learning which makes some students even drop out of schools and start engaging in house work activities. This project focuses on schools in fufore that need ICT services to improve student’s knowledge and ability to learn in order for these schools to have equal education as the students in urban schools, if students in the rural area are not given equal education as students in the urban area there is a result of inequality. â€Å"Unequal tools in an unequal environment create unequal results† (Ukpe, 2010). Implementation/ Application of ICT in class rooms in rural area is going to benefit the society as a whole, and both the teachers and students. It goes a long way to help the society, because when students start using ICT in classrooms some of their friends at home will also find it interesting this will make them also want to start schooling and know what school is about. This study will also be used as a case study to many parts of rural areas in Nigeria, making them aware of how value ICT is in our generation and also making these local students to fit into any schools they find themselves in in urban schools because this implementation of ICT will  not only make these students concentrate on just computer and information studies they will also learn how to apply the knowledge in their various courses. Methodology In order to have reasons for the implementation of ICT in classrooms, i will have to compare this primary/secondary schools in rural area with the once in urban. The methods i used are personal observation, interview and online research (internet). We can see most urban schools have well functioned classrooms with well equipped IT services such as using projectors in class rooms, computers, wireless LANs, File management using databases. In order to convince these organisations we have to state the reasons why we think ICT is important for these locals in rural area. Just looking at an example of an urban schools such as Abti Academy in Yola, Capital science in kuje, El-Amin International school in Minna; we can see they all have what it takes for them to have a well knowledge of what IT is all about, they do class interactions, they submit their works in timely manner especially the senior students, it broadens their minds which they can relate to other courses and apply them when necessary, The students have full access to the lab to do research, take courses in computer education, type documents and gather information on relevant topics for their coursework and from every observation i noticed that schools in the urban area have high rankings in their external and internal exams such as mock exams, WEAC exams . In order to know what is really the problem of these schools towards their lack of ICT knowledge an interview was taken with most principals in these rural schools shown below. 1. Do you know what a computer is? 2. Do you intend to learn how to use it and do you intend to teach these students if you have the chance to? 3. Do you own a computer? And do you know how to surf on the internet with it? 4. What do you think about implementing ICT in classrooms? 5. How do you think it will affect the students? Interview Summary: Results  The interview was conducted with three different principals of three different areas in fufore, but all their answers were closely the same. They stated they’ve had an experience using a computer, that it would be great to have such an opportunity to use computers and other IT services in their schools, it will surely help the students and enlighten them about what the world is all about now. They stated that they’ve all being provided by the school with just one computer and an internet connection, and in a rural place like fufore I believe there is a limited amount of power supply which makes it even more difficult to use this computer by anyone. They stated students in their area are in need of ICT in classrooms in order to making teaching easier for both the teachers and students, they also have a problem with their teachers who don’t acquire computer skills, it will be difficult for them to teach and guide these students through. ICT will greatly affect and have a positive influence on these students, they will have an opportunity to be going for national competitions because these services will not only improve them in one area, they will also have the ability to speak proper and fluent English, they can also learn how to type by doing their course works on their computers and doing research on the internet which will even help the senior students in history classes. They also mentioned that students in this area are always willing to learn, so it won’t be a problem for them to get used to it. Development and Implementation of ICT in class rooms in rural area: Fufore LGA Through ICT in rural schools it will expand the access to student’s education, now that technology is one of the things that help us develop in this world. So we have to make the rural schools aware of that which will greatly affect both the students and their lectures, it will also make them aware of what is happening in our world today (News) by browsing on the internet, also help them improve interactions in terms of video conferencing and distance learning; through video conferencing it will enable to share ideas and know about other courses that are not offered in the school. ICT is an extensively strong technology for extending and expanding educational opportunities in formal and informal ways, in this case rural schools. ICT is a technological development that reflects the new society and has its place within education. However, as with many new initiatives, ICT obviously has its problems that over time will be addressed. Meantime, ICT should continue to be promoted to assist with education and learning. I will heartedly agree with anyone who states that ICT is a valuable tool for both teaching and learning – speaking as someone who got the last lessons plan for my teaching from the Internet- but I can’t help feeling that the emphasis on the use of ICT detracts from other current ‘sexy’ education issue – socialisation. I believe that developing teachers’ social and counselling technique is a greater priority than their ICT skill (Sime & Mark, 2005). Access to remote learning resources: when this implementation is done, with the use of internet, teachers and students will no longer have to depend on textbooks for learning or even buy them due to how expensive they can be, they teachers can just find textbooks on the net and direct the students to access them too. With the use of Internet services you will find a means of learning materials or tools in almost every subject and can be accessed every day at anytime and also by unlimited number of people that can use it. This is significant for many schools in developing countries. Students will have control towards self learning: For example, teachers can just give a research paper as an assessment for the students, during that research they also learn a lot through searching and browsing different articles. This also broadens their minds to also think fast, observe the situation of the research, allowing their minds to take over and have control of what they are doing and also making their own opinions and what they think. Motivation to learn: the use of multimedia computer software that include sound effects, pictures can be used in learning process for people in rural areas, also as interactive radios and other performance. This will motivate the locals to learn because it’s new to them and then i believe that some locals tend to understand pictures or graphics rather than reading them that way they understand better. Use of modern teaching tools: in rural areas they still have an old way of teaching their students; some don’t even have notebooks, or other writing materials. Through ICT, students can learn how to manage their files on computers rather than writing notes in their notebooks, also teachers have PowerPoint to present to the class by that they can just write short notes on what the teacher is talking about. In order to improve the school from my own point of view it needs these requirements for students to have a basic idea of ICT is about. 1. Provision of hardware resources for internet connectivity such as WAN, LAN, MAN. 2. Software packages for learning or academic related CDs which they can install in their computers to improve self learning. 3. Television for the nursery school students because children in nursery school learn faster with images rather than using books, and Projectors for the primary and secondary students. 4. A well functional and equipped computer that contains at least 15 computers. 5. Power supply via solar energy, because electricity isn’t that reliable and effective in rural areas, and besides this implementation is based in fufore which is always sunny every day. So solar would be a good source of electricity. These implementations can be done with the help of private organisations and even the government, we all know nothing is free; these organisations can get profit out of this successful implementation and project. They will keep implementing ICT and improving other schools in this area. Since i noted that not all teachers have enough computer skills to handle the students learning or to control these equipments, the organisations also have to supply the schools with well trained teachers/experts to show them how to take care of things just for some time. This is an expensive and vital project due to many resources that are needed, power supply because without power supply these resources are just going to end up being there without no one using it and also this is the future of our children to enlightened them and making them have a knowledge of IT, making them have the same and equal education the urban schools are having so they won’t feel left out. After these resources have been implemented and are already in use, in observation we are going to experience and expect these changes in the schools: †¢ The students should have the ability to think as fast and be smart like the students in urban schools and also their results will likely match up. †¢ An increase in the students that will enrol in schools because most students in rural areas don’t really care about education, some are drop outs and with a new system it will motivate them to also learn like their friends. †¢ Will be able to compete in national competitions with other schools. †¢ Know how to use these ICT services provided to them and also apply them when necessary Conclusion From all observations we can see how value education is and rural education cannot be compared to the urban because they have more experience in ICT than the locals have. ICT in class rooms has a lot of advantages and benefits to our daily life now, makes students acquire skills, skills that will take them to the next level, skills that will improve their way of thinking and will also change their lives because after school they can go to these urban areas and get a good job instead of staying in their area and doing the basic occupation such as farming. Technology is part of our world now and its used in our daily activities, with the aid ICT in class rooms they will have access to distance learning which will enhance their learning skills and ability, not only within the class room but globally or worldwide. In order for these students to be equal with students from other developed schools, they need to be given a chance; they need to be given the opportunities that are being given to the more fortunate schools/students. Nigerian Government, private organisations and private sources have to come together to make this possible for our generation and also to help the nation. References Ayaga, T. (2009, November 19). Fufore Area Council As Adamawa’s Development Pivot. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from all Africa. com: http://allafrica. com/stories/200911190399. html ICT in Education/The Promise of ICTs in Education. (2007, June 20). Retrieved July 27, 2010, from WIKIBOOKS: http://en. wikibooks. org/wiki/ICT_in_Education/The_Promise_of_ICTs_in_Education Moulton, J. (2001, January). Improving education in rural areas: Guidance for rural development specialists. Retrieved July 28, 2010, from http://www. tanzaniagateway. org/docs/Improving_education_in_rural_areas_guidance_for_rural_develo pment. pdf Sime, D. D. , & Mark, G. (2005). Student teachers’ firt reflections on ICT and Classroom Learning: implications for initail Teacher Education. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from https://dspace. stir. ac. uk/dspace/bitstream/1893/135/1/priestley-jcal-2005. pdf Tinio, V. L. (2002). ICT in Education. Retrieved July 26, 2010, from http://www. apdip. net/publications/iespprimers/eprimer-edu. pdf Ukpe, E. (2010, July 7). ICT in Education(Himself).